EXHIBIT 1 --------- AGREEMENT AS TO JOINT FILING OF SCHEDULE 13G -------------------------------------------- Each of the undersigned hereby affirms that it is individually eligible to use Schedule 13G, and agrees that this Schedule 13G is filed on its behalf. Date: August 7, 2000 SALOMON SMITH BARNEY INC. By: /s/ /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter -------------------------------------------- Name: Howard M. Darmstadter Title: Assistant Secretary SALOMON BROTHERS HOLDING COMPANY INC By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter -------------------------------------------- Name: Howard M. Darmstadter Title: Assistant Secretary SSB CITI FUND MANAGEMENT LLC By: /s/ Christina T. Sydor -------------------------------------------- Name: Christina T. Sydor Title: Secretary SALOMON SMITH BARNEY HOLDINGS INC. By: /s/ Howard M. Darmstadter -------------------------------------------- Name: Howard M. Darmstadter Title: Assistant Secretary CITIGROUP INC. By: /s/ Joseph B. Wollard -------------------------------------------- Name: Joseph B. Wollard Title: Assistant Secretary